Linguistic Pluralism in First-Century Palestine

In the wake of "what language did Jesus speak?" (Aramaic, Hebrew, with a dash of Greek?) debate, Seth Sanders offers a more complex picture of the linguistic landscape of first-century Palestine (and how searches of monolinguistic purity is a red herring and largely ideologically charged religiously and politically). 

Check out his Religion Dispatches here.

Hurtado Reviews Ehrman's Latest, How Jesus Became God

I just saw that Larry Hurtado has a good-length initial review of Bart Ehrman's new book, How Jesus Became God, on his blog here.  He says he will have a fuller review in Christian Century.  I haven't read Ehrman's newest, but the review seemed fairly balanced.

Religion Courses this Fall at Illinois College

I recently posted information about my fall courses at my new institution, Illinois College, but thought I should inform people also of those taught by my new religion colleagues: Caryn Riswold and Paul Spalding.

So, in addition to my three courses:

Rel 111: Hebrew Bible / Old Testament
Rel 189: Abrahamic Faiths
Rel 335: Sexuality in the Bible

Caryn Riswold will be offering:

Rel 104: Questions of Christianity
Rel 260: Religion and Literature
Rel 371: Women, Race, and Theology

While Paul Spalding will be offering:

Rel 130 QF: LC Quest of Forever: Religions
Rel 188: Religious Traditions of South and East Asia
Rel 322: China: History and Religion

So if you are a student enrolling in Illinois College next fall, keep some of these courses in mind!

WWUD? What Would Ulysses Do?

I must have passed this passage by before, but today it jumped out at me: according to Hippolytus Ulysses (a.k.a. Odysseus), the trickster par excellence (though Jacob gives him a run for his money) is a model for the Christian resisting the temptation of the siren call of heresy.  He writes (using the most available, ANF translation):

The pupils of these men, when they perceive the doctrines of the heretics to be like unto the ocean when tossed into waves by violence of the winds, ought to sail past in quest of the tranquil haven.  For a sea of this description is both infested with wild beasts and difficult of navigation, like, as we may say, the Sicilian (Sea), in which the legend reports were Cyclops, and Charybdis, and Scylla, and the rock of the Sirens.  Now, the poets of the Greeks allege that Ulysses sailed through (this channel), adroitly using (to his own purpose) the terribleness of these strange monsters.  For the savage cruelty (in the aspect) of these towards those who were sailing through was remarkable. The Sirens, however, singing sweetly and harmoniously, beguiled the voyagers, luring, by reason of their melodious voice, those who heard it, to steer their vessels towards (the promontory).  The (poets) report that Ulysses, on ascertaining this, smeared with wax the ears of his companions, and, lashing himself to the mast, sailed, free of danger, past the Sirens, hearing their chant distinctly.  And my advice to my readers is to adopt a similar expedient, viz., either on account of their infirmity to smear their ears with wax, and sail (straight on) through the tenets of the heretics, not even listening to (doctrines) that are easily capable of enticing them into pleasure, like the luscious lay of the Sirens, or, by binding one's self to the Cross of Christ, (and) hearkening with fidelity (to His words), not to be distracted, inasmuch as he has reposed his trust to Him who ere this he has been firmly knit, and (I admonish that man) to continue steadfastly (in this faith). (Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies 7.1)

Firstly, I typically find these old translations (such as the ANF series) to be rather stilted and wooden.  But this passage has some striking phrases with a poet's ear (note several alliterations) and a storyteller's drama (as in the choice of quite striking, enticing verbs). 

Despite it partly being a purplish passage, its metaphor is striking: it takes the story of Ulysses and transforms it into one of Christian emulation.  While the crafty Ithacan may be a hero in the Odyssey, by the time one reaches Roman writings - such as the Aeneid, here in evidence since it is then that the Sicilian connection to his wanderings is made - his wanderings are truly errant as his distinctive trait of cunning becomes is devalued into a flaw. 

Yet his seamen become regular Christians, whether beginners, catechumens, or something else (not uneducated, to be sure, since they would not be reading the tract) - they should, in fact, not even read this work to be tempted by siren call of heresy.  While Ulysses represents an advanced or strong Christian, and the mast becomes the cross through which he can discern the song's melodies and harmonies distinctly without being tempted by them.

My Fall Courses at Illinois College

For any students of Illinois College who happen upon this website, especially those unsure about what to take next fall, I thought I would post my courses in the Department of Philosophy and Religion.  I will be teaching:

Rel 111: Old Testament / Hebrew Bible - RG:

Registrar's Description: The Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) records the stories, history, and wisdom of Ancient Israel; this collection of documents is one of the foundations of Western civilization. This course will introduce a variety of reading methodologies to students and use them to examine these texts. Special emphasis will be given to historical analysis: tracing the Bible's development over time and situating it in its Ancient Near Eastern context. We will also consider how these texts have been received and interpreted in modern contexts. (General Education pre-2012 = Religious & Philosophical Issues and Global Issues; Post 2012 BLUEprint = Social, Spriitual & Philosophical Issues, Ethical & Responsible Action, Speaking Extensive, Writing Extensive)
  
Meets: MTHF 10:00-10:50 a.m.

Rel 189: Abrahamic Faiths - GR

Registrar's Description: (Global Issues & Cultural Awareness requirement) (Religious & Philosophical Issues requirement) In the aftermath of 9/11, learning about Islam and its relationship to Judaism and Christianity has become very important. All three religions regard Abraham as a spiritual ancestor, revere the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament, and share an intertwined history. But while they have similarities, they also have significant differences. This course will introduce students to the scripture, interpretation, theology, and practices of Judaism, Orthodox Christianity, and Islam via field trips and experiential learning. (General Education pre-2012 = Global Issues & Cultural Awareness, Religious & Philosophical Issues; Post 2012 BLUEprint = Social, Spiritual & Philosophical Issues, Global Awareness, Writing Extensive, Connected Course which can be -- if all requirements met -- connected to ED 203, EN 173, EN 358)

Meets: TH 12:00-1:40 p.m.

Rel 335: Sexuality in the Bible - HR

Registrar's Description: 
The role and place of women in the cultures of biblical Israel and the New Testament world have been the subject of increasing debate in recent decades. Were women more-or-less chattel or did they have power and influence in the public sphere? What was women’s role in the religious realm? Did women’s situation improve in the Greco-Roman world and in the New Testament? Did Paul support women in ministry or did he try to limit their authority in the church? These topics are significant because how they are answered has important implications for women in traditions that cite biblical models as authoritative or a guide for modern conduct. (General Education pre-2012 = Humanities, Religious & Philosophical Issues; Post 2012 BLUEprint = Connected Course which can be -- if all requirements met -- connected to GW 101)

Meets: MWF 2:40-3:50 p.m.

Have a great summer and see you in the fall!

Illinois College

Now that the school year is over, I thought I would publicly announce that I will leaving the fine faculty of the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of Mississippi and be joining the fine faculty of the Department of Philosophy and Religion of Illinois College this fall as a visiting assistant professor.  I appreciate the University of Mississippi giving a place to work, think, research, and develop my courses this past year, and now I look forward to the new challenges and opportunities that await at Illinois College.

Carr on Calaway: Thoughts on the Sabbath / Sanctuary Relationship in H

I have known for a while now that David M. Carr's 2011 book, The Formation of the Hebrew Bible, included most likely the very first citation of anything I wrote - in this case, my dissertation.  Luckily, this past year, someone bought me a copy of the book (it is a bit pricy), and I have been slowly working through it.  I finally got the part where he discusses the implications of my work on the relationship between the Sabbath and the Sanctuary (in the Hebrew Bible, the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, and the Epistle to the Hebrews) specifically for how I characterize the Holiness materials.  He writes:

Consider, for example, the strong focus in H materials (as in Ezekiel) on Sabbath that has been outlined with particular clarity in a recent dissertation by Jared Calaway.  Resonating with similar Sabbath foci in Ezekiel, Exod 31:12-17 makes the Sabbath "covenant" a central focus of the P Sinai episode, applying to it concepts of profanation previously reserved for the sanctuary. The H cultic calendar opens with an introductory mention of Sabbath (Lev 23:3), and concludes with a focus on the festivals of the seventh month (the festival of trumpets [Rosh Hashanah], Yom Kippur, and Sukkoth; Lev 23:23-43).  Finally, the Jubilee legislation in Leviticus 24 extends the Sabbath concept to the land as well, reconfiguring earlier regulations about leaving land fallow (Exod 23:10-11) and slave and debt release (Exod 21:2-6; Deut 15:1-18) so that the new law enjoins leaving the land fallow every seven years (Lev 25:3-7) and forgiving debts and freeing Hebrew slaves every forty-nine (another sort of Sabbath of Sabbaths; Lev 25:8-55). H concludes with an independent emphasis on the observance of these Sabbaths alongside reverence for the sanctuary (Lev 26:2; note also 19:30), actions that lead to secure life in the land. The exile is understood as a Sabbath for the land (Lev 26:34-35). 

As Calaway argues, this complex of texts reconfigures concepts of holiness that were particularly attached to the sanctuary so that they are linked in new ways with time.  The weekly Sabbath restores the individual and allows access to the sanctuary, the Yom Kippur "Sabbath of Sabbaths" purifies and thus restores the sanctuary, and the 49th Jubilee year (and exile land Sabbath) restores the land. Thus, a practice (Sabbath) that appears to have become particularly prominent during exile (see, e.g., Ezekiel) becomes a prism for a new understanding of concepts of holiness once attached to the (now destroyed) temple in Jerusalem. Much as Gen 12:1-3 and Second Isaiah represent different reconceptualizations of concepts once attached to the Davidic monarchy, H represents a seemingly exilic, Sabbath-focused reconceptualization of concepts of holiness once more exclusively attached to the Jerusalem sanctuary and its priesthood. (p. 302)

He goes one to discuss how this particular profile has convinced him that this "H" reconceptualization likely originated in exile (rather than post-exile).  For all of this, he relies upon my dissertation; nonetheless, all of my discussion of the holiness legislation and expansions appear in my book (though, due to some revising, not all in the same place - thus, the land materials appear when I discuss the promised land/Sabbath-rest passage in Hebrews 3-4, instead of being a part of my general Hebrew Bible discussion as in the dissertation).  Anyway, I want to thank David Carr publicly for the very positive shout-out in his immense book.

Quote of the Day: Jesus in Chicago

So, for Mother's Day, we've watched several musicals in a row.  One of them was Chicago.  In it, Billy Flynn, the unscrupulous lawyer who can get your off on murder (played by Richard Gere in the film version) says:

"I don't mean to toot my own horn, but if Jesus Christ lived in Chicago today, and he had come to me and he had five thousand dollars, let's just say things would have turned out differently."

Indeed!

Keeping up with the Jesus Wife Fragment

In response to my last post, Mike Grondin directed me to his website, where he is keeping a timeline of important events, posts, etc., related to the Jesus Wife Fragment.  You can find this resource here.  Thanks for passing this along!

Two Recent Thoughtful Responses to Jesus Wife Fragment

There has been a lot of recent buzz about the Jesus Wife Fragment again.  So much so that it is difficult to keep track - especially if you are busy teaching and researching other things.  But I think there are two recent thoughtful responses to read.  The first is Caroline Schroeder's interview with Anthony LeDonne (here), in which she discusses why she thinks it is a forgery in the aftermath of Christian Askeland's analysis of the companion fragment from the Lycopolitan Gospel of John.  The second post is one by April DeConick, who has - by and large - remained out of the free-for-all fray until now.  Her post, however, is a series of questions that gets at the methodological assumptions we are making in asserting the fragment a forgery or not.  There is so much out there at the moment that a roundup of posts would be ridiculously large, a catalogue of ships for the Jesus Wife Fragment.  I think, however, that if one reads these two posts and follow some of their links back, one will be by and large caught up in the discussion and know what questions perhaps remain unanswered.

Djesus Uncrossed

Ok.  I realize this is a bit old, but I just saw it for the first time and was rolling laughing.  It mocks both Inglorious Basterds and Django Unchained via Jesus' resurrection.  Perhaps some will find it a bit blasphemous, but, if you think about it, it is not far away from how John of Patmos viewed Jesus in Revelation: "the Ro-mans will fear us."

DJesus Uncrossed (Saturday Night Live) from razorgrind on Vimeo.

New Review of My Book (The Sabbath and the Sanctuary) in JTS

I just saw via Brian Small that there is a new review (see here) of my book, The Sabbath and the Sanctuary, published by Nicholas Moore of Keble College, Oxford in the Journal of Theological Studies.  I, unfortunately, am not a subscriber, so I do not know what is praised and what is criticized, but am happy to see that my book continues to attract attention.

So-Called "Gospel of Jesus' Wife" Testing Findings

Harvard Theological Review 107 is entirely dedicated to the so-called "Gospel of Jesus' Wife."  While Karen King's article is the lead one, the more important ones would be those dedicated to the testing of papyrus and ink samples to determine whether their composition is ancient or modern.  One can read a press release here, which also contains links to the HTR 107.

The basic gist of the testing is that the papyrus and ink are consistent with 6th to 9th century CE, which removes them from "ancient" into the borderlands between late antique and early medieval.  I have yet to read the actual articles, but hopefully will have a chance in the next few days and be able to weigh in.

Larry Hurtado has some helpful initial comments based upon a cursory reading of the HTR 107.  I especially appreciate his comment that we should NOT call this the "Gospel of Jesus' Wife," since there is no evidence that this was part of such a broader work, but the "Jesus' Wife Fragment."

Tertullian on Religious Freedom

I was reading through some of Tertullian this morning, and ran across this gem:

However, it is a fundamental human right, a privilege of nature, that every man should worship according to his own convictions: one man's religion neither harms nor helps another man. It is assuredly no part of religion to compel religion - to which free will and not force should lead us - the sacrificial victims even being required of a willing mind. (To Scapula 2; ANF translation)

Tertullian is speaking here of Christians being forced to offer sacrifice to Roman gods, but, as a member of a minority religion in the Roman Empire, develops this broader principle of religious freedom.  It reminds me a bit of the Quranic passage that "there is no compulsion in religion." 

Hurtado - DeConick Debate on (Gnostic) Christian Intellectuals

If anyone who reads this blog has somehow does not also read Larry Hurtado's or April DeConick's blogs, please check into the discussion they're having about Gnostics as Christian Intellectuals.

Hurtado's first post; DeConick's response; Hurtado's response to DeConick's response.

Hurtado's posts predominantly raise the question of definition: what is an intellectual (and, by the way, most scholars would not fall under his definition because you have to be public - and therefore counts only those engaged in apologetics or who can draw a Greco-Roman response)?  This definition of intellectual, relying on the old distinction between a scholar and an intellectual, raises some questions for early Christian thinkers (a term I will use to cover both scholars and intellectuals).

So was Origen merely a scholar - not an intellectual - until he wrote Contra Celsum?  How truly "public" are apologetic writings?  Though Justin's apologies are addressed to the emperor, they very unlikely met their addressee - so to whom was he actually writing?  Was Dialogue with Trypho meant to be read to Jews?  Or was all of this predominantly internally distributed?  That is, were they really more public than other writings?  At this point, the difference between Justin and Apocryphon of John is its distribution network.  Nonetheless, "Gnostics" weren't very good at keeping these texts esoteric if that is what they meant to do, since it seems Irenaeus was able to get copies of it and other documents with relative ease - and if he could get copies, couldn't others?  Origen clearly had a copy of Heracleon's Commentary on John.  So, again, if meant to be esoteric, they kept falling into other people's hands if those people wanted them.  Though Larry is unsure if Valentinians count as Gnostic.

Perhaps it is not a matter of actual distribution - since it is conceivable that the Apocryphon of John and Justin's Second Apology both had relatively similar levels of distribution - but perhaps it is a matter of intention.  But I think all members of the debate would stop at this point and say we cannot reconstruct such intentions.  All we have are texts, and we tend to find Justin's apologies clear - though quite pedestrian in their quality of thinking - and Hypostasis of the Archons unclear.  Is this a matter of esotericism? Or just the distance of modern and ancient modes of thinking?  Or - put another way - how strongly does one divide the line between pseudo-philosophical inquiry of the earliest apologists and mythopoetic inquiry of the Gnostics (since Plato himself - undoubtedly an intellectual, right? - dabbled in both in Timaeus).  Relevance for other periods: are Kabbalists intellectuals?

It is an important question not just for ancient Christians, but for today: what constitutes an intellectual?

The second main question that has arisen in Hurtado's most recent post is: What is a "Gnostic" (using Michael Williams's critique from Rethinking Gnosticism)?  Michael Williams and Karen King have both written books to critique the concept of Gnostic/Gnosticism.  It is still an open debate with others defending the category (e.g., Birger Pearson and April DeConick herself) or others restricting the term to those typically designated as Sethians (e.g., Bentley Layton and David Brakke).  I doubt there will be much out of this particular definitional impasse anytime soon.

DeConick's post predominantly raises the issue of evidence, listing several traditionally Gnostic texts / figures as proof of their intellectual vibrancy - as well as the evidence of Greco-Roman responses from Plotinus/Porphyry and Celsus.  Hurtado's response to her recognizes several of these figures as, indeed, intellectuals but questions whether they count as Gnostic.  She also notes an institutional bias in modern scholarship that re-marginalizes these ancient marginalized group.

Be sure to read the posts - and let's see if they continue or if others join the chorus.

A Son Has Been Born to Naomi

Here is a quick question to everyone out in cyberspace.  This past week I was teaching my "Sex, Gender, and the Bible" course and we were reading Ruth (among other things).

One of the things that caught a student's eye (but which did not catch mine) was Ruth 4:17, where the women of Bethlehem proclaim that the baby boy that Ruth gives birth to is Naomi's: "A son has been born to Naomi."

So, some thoughts that I had that I think are all wrong:
1. This has something to do with the levirate marriage.  The problem is that the point of the levirate is that the child continues the name of the dead husband (Mahlon); not the name of the living mother-in-law.  One might argue that the levirate law has already been stretched a bit in Ruth (since it is being used for a non-Israelite), but this interpretation seems really pushing it to me.

2. This is adoption.  But the text says that Naomi becomes his nurse - and I am unaware of such "adoptions" occurring for nurses elsewhere, but perhaps this is my ignorance?  There is no real adoption formula; Naomi does not directly claim the child as her own - the declaration is in the mouths of the women.

My student noted - and I see it more and more every time I read the passage (and the earlier covenant that Ruth makes with Naomi [1:16-17]) - that Naomi is almost acting like the child's father and Ruth's husband.

What do you think is going on here?

Honest Business Cards

Anthony LeDonne has compiled a hilarious stack of honest business cards, one including yours truly.  Check them out here.  Though, I think with mine Anthony was self-projecting a bit. ;)

The Symbol of Manhood

Perhaps I am finding early Christian writings funnier than they are supposed to be, but they are quite funny.  Anyway, as I was reading some Clement of Alexandria today, he warns against men shaving...anything.  He writes:

"It is therefore impious to desecrate the symbol of manhood: hairiness." (Paed. 3.4)

He further writes:

"'But the very hairs of your head are all numbers,' says the Lord; those on the chin, too, are numbered, and those on the whole body.  There must be therefore no plucking out, contrary to God's appointment, which has counted them in according to His will."

Where else are you going to read page after page the importance of hairiness, from facial to body hair?  Never, therefore, shave!